has Australia's net debt doubled under the current government?

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…we don’t hear enough about the fact under the current government we have had net debt double.

– Shadow minister for finance Jim Chalmers, speaking on Q&A, July 30, 2018

As the government and opposition seek to establish their economic credentials in the lead-up to the next federal election, we can expect to hear plenty about the relative performances of the Coalition and Labor Party with regard to government deficits and debt.

On Q&A, shadow minister for finance Jim Chalmers claimed that “under the current Government, we have had net debt double”.

Is that right?

Checking the source

In response to The Conversation’s request, a spokesperson for Chalmers provided the following sources:

According to the government’s Monthly Financial Statements, in September 2013 (the month of the 2013 federal election), net debt was under A$175 billion (A$174,577m).

Net debt reached more than A$350 billion in December 2017 (A$350,245m), and was above A$350 billion in January 2018 (A$353,359m), and March 2018 (A$350,717m).

Also, on the government’s own budget numbers, net debt for this financial year is A$349.9 billion (2018-19 Budget, BP1 3-16, Table 3).

So whether you look at the government’s Monthly Financial Statements or its budget, we’ve had net debt double under this government.

Chalmers told The Conversation:

The Liberals used to bang on about a so-called “budget emergency” and a “debt and deficit disaster”, but you don’t hear a peep from them anymore.

Not only has net debt doubled on the Liberals’ watch, but gross debt has crashed through half a trillion dollars for the first time ever, and their own budget papers expect it to remain well above half a trillion dollars every year for the next decade.

Verdict

Shadow minister for finance Jim Chalmers quoted his numbers (broadly) correctly when he said that “under the current government we have had net debt double”.

As at July 1, 2018, the budget estimate of net debt in Australia was about A$341.0 billion, up from A$174.5 billion in September 2013, when the Coalition took office. That’s an increase of A$166.5 billion, or roughly 95%.

To put that in context, in Labor’s last term (2007-13, a period that included the Global Financial Crisis), net debt rose by about A$197 billion – around A$30 billion more than has been the case under the current Coalition government.

It’s worth remembering that over time, a government’s debt position will reflect deficits (or surpluses) of past governments.

What is ‘net debt’?

Gross debt is the total amount of money a government owes to other parties. Net debt is gross debt, adjusted for some of the assets a government owns and earns interest on.

Not all government assets are included in the calculation of net debt. For example, the equity holdings of Australia’s sovereign wealth fund – the Future Fund – are excluded.

It’s worth noting that net debt doesn’t give the full picture of a government’s balance sheet.

If the government borrows A$1 (by issuing bonds) to buy A$1 worth of equity (investment in another asset), net debt will rise. That’s because bond issuance (debt) will rise by A$1, without an accompanying increase in investments that pay interest.

In Australia’s case, this distinction is relevant, because the government currently has about A$50 billion of investments in shares (which aren’t considered interest bearing for accounting purposes), and around A$50 billion in equity in public sector entities (like schools, hospitals and infrastructure).

Over time, a government’s debt position will reflect deficits of past governments, with budget deficits increasing the total debt, and surpluses reducing it.

Has net debt doubled under the current government?

The chart below shows net debt for Australia from 2001-02 to 2018-19. The 2017-18 and 2018-19 numbers are estimates, but all earlier numbers are actual net debt numbers.

As you can see from the chart, net debt has risen under both Coalition and Labor governments since 2008.

The Department of Finance publishes Australian Government Monthly Financial Statements, which can be used to get a picture of net debt levels during election months.

On July 1, 2007, in the final year of the Howard Coalition government, net debt was minus A$24.2 billion. The government’s financial asset such as those held in the Future Fund were greater than government bonds on issuance, putting the government in a net asset (positive) position.

At the time of the election of the Labor government in November 2007, Australia’s net debt position was still negative (at minus A$22.1 billion) – meaning the government held A$22.1 billion more than it owed. By July 1, 2013, in the final months of the last Labor government, net debt had risen to A$159.6 billion.

The Liberal-National Coalition won the federal election held on September 7, 2013. At September 30, net debt was A$174.5 billion (meaning that net debt rose by about A$5 billion per month in the three months before the 2013 election).

As at July 1, 2018, the budget estimate of net debt in Australia was about A$341.0 billion. That’s roughly a 95% rise since the Coalition took office in 2013, making Chalmers’ statement about net debt having doubled under the current government broadly correct.

What can we take from this?

In terms of economic management, not a great deal.

Rather than being concerned about the level of debt, most economists would be concerned about the level of debt relative to gross domestic product (GDP), or the size of the population. On these measures, the rises in net debt under the current government have been less significant.

Let’s take the net debt to GDP ratio.

It rose from about 11.3% in September 2013 (when the Coalition was elected), to 18.3% in July 2016, at which point the ratio roughly stabilised. The net debt to GDP ratio now stands at 18.6% and is predicted to fall in the next few years.

It’s also worth noting that during Labor’s most recent period of government, net debt rose by around A$197 billion – about A$30 billion more than has been the case under the current Coalition government.

My own research on the effects of political parties in Australia on the economy found that, historically, economic growth and other important economic outcomes have had little to do with which party is in power. – Mark Crosby

Blind review

The author has a done a very competent job in analysing Jim Chalmers’ statement regarding net debt under the current government.

What the analysis shows is how complex the issue is, and that the argument over which major party is the better economic manager cannot be encapsulated simply by one number.

The net debt figures can be interpreted in a number of different ways, pointing to different assessments of a particular government’s economic management.

As the author notes, the net debt position depends not just on the current government’s actions, but also on the legacy inherited from previous governments. That’s because debt is used to finance borrowings, which are largely the result of previous governments’ fiscal policies.

An assessment of a government’s macro-economic management depends on analysis of several different factors, of which debt is only one. –Phil Lewis

The Conversation’s FactCheck unit was the first fact-checking team in Australia and one of the first worldwide to be accredited by the International Fact-Checking Network, an alliance of fact-checkers hosted at the Poynter Institute in the US. Read more here.

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